Pomegranate


Pomegranate: Red-Hot Fruit (The following Contents were taken from Natural Products Insider for detail information click at Pomegranate: Red-Hot Fruit )

 1. Patients taking pomegranate juice showed a significant reduction in LDL and total cholesterol

 2. Consumption of pomegranate juice appears to reduce systolic blood pressure

 3.Consumption of pomegranate juice appears to reduce carotid intima-media thickness

 4. Pomegranate seed oil have the ability to reduce the number of lesions in a breast cancer model

 5. pomegranate juice was able to reduce the progression of atherosclerosis

Pomegranates have been cultivated since ancient times, but it is only recently that their health-promoting properties have come to the attention of the American public. “Pomegranate is becoming very popular and has many health benefits that have been excessively studied,” said Jeff Van Drunen, president of Van Drunen Farms. “Pomegranate has strong antioxidant activity due to its polyphenol content and ellagitannin content.”

Studies have focused on the ability of pomegranate juice and its compounds to address cardiovascular health and prevent carcinogenesis. One study conducted at the Rambam Medical Center in Haifa, Israel, involved 10 atherosclerotic patients given pomegranate juice for one year, and up to three years.1 Patients taking pomegranate juice showed a significant reduction in LDL oxidative susceptibility and an increase in total antioxidant status; further, consumption of pomegranate juice appears to reduce systolic blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness. Pomegranate juice was also found in a Iranian study of Type II diabetic patients to significantly reduce LDL and total cholesterol values.2 And a study in mice found pomegranate juice was able to reduce the progression of atherosclerosis, while also increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression.3

In relation to chemoprevention, in vitro work suggests both pomegranate juice polyphenols and pomegranate seed oil have the ability to reduce the number of lesions in a breast cancer model.4 Additional in vitro studies found ellagic acid, punicic acid, caffeic acid and luteolin all individually inhibited invasion of human PC-3 prostate cancer cells, and showed a supradditive inhibition when combined.5 And pomegranate fruit extract was also shown to protect cells from the adverse effects of UVB radiation by inhibiting modulations of certain cytokines and pathways.6

In the scientific community, there has been some discussion as to whether the beneficial health effects of pomegranate fruit and juice can be specifically attributed to its flavonoid compounds. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, evaluated punicalagin, ellagic acid, a standardized total pomegranate tannin extract and pomegranate juice for their in vitro antioxidant, antiproliferative and apoptotic effects.7 Pomegranate juice showed the greatest antiproliferative activity as well as higher antioxidant activity compared to the isolated compounds or the standardized extract, leading the researchers to suggest there is chemical synergy among multiple compounds in the pomegranate juice. Further studies in humans suggest that ellagic acid found in human plasma after consumption of pomegranate juice may be due to its release from the ellagitannins,8 and that the metabolites of punicalagin and ellagic acid produced in the gut may produce the systemic biological effects of the pomegranate juice.9

These studies have raised questions about the issue of standardization in pomegranate extracts. At this time, some are standardizing to ellagic acid while others are focusing on specific compounds. Cyvex Nutrition provides its PomActiv™ standardized to 70 percent ellagic acid, while Geni Herbs standardizes its PomElla™ to punicalagin, an active ellagitannin specific to pomegranate, which can hydrolyze into ellagic acid. Scott Rosenbush, business manager of botanicals with P.L. Thomas, said standardizing to the ellagitannins or punicalagins focuses on the primary phytochemicals in pomegranate.

Because the pomegranate ingredients are relatively new in the market, there are formulation challenges associated with their use, according to some suppliers. “It is challenging to make highly concentrated pomegranate ingredients and maintain the integrity of the product from a nutritional standpoint,” Van Drunen said. “In formulating with a dry powder, other than a slightly astringent flavor, pomegranate is relatively easy to formulate. As with other polyphenols, it is important to keep pH low in liquid systems and to avoid heating the product excessively after it is in the final product.”

In addition, there is a growing number of branded pomegranate ingredients, which may help draw in consumers, if the products are backed by specific scientific research. “The usage of branded, novel ingredients may help differentiate finished products at retail,” confirmed Blake Ebersole, marketing coordinator with Geni Herbs. “In addition, formulators should look at targeting specific health needs, even though there are several different marketing angles companies could take.”

 References 

1. Aviram M et al. "Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation." Clin Nutr. 23, 3:423-33, 2004. www.harcourt-international.com/journals/clnu

2. Esmailzadeh A et al. "Concentrated pomegranate juice improves lipid profiles in diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia." J Med Food. 7, 3:305-8, 2004. www.liebertpub.com

3. de Nigris F et al. "Beneficial effects of pomegranate juice on oxidation-sensitive genes and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity at sites of perturbed shear stress." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102, 13:4896-901, 2005. www.pnas.org

4. Mehta Re, Lansky EP. "Breast cancer chemopreventive properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in a mouse mammary organ culture." Eur J Cancer Prev. 13, 4:345-8, 2004.

5. Lansky EP et al. "Pomegranate (Punica granatum) pure chemicals show possible synergistic inhibition of human PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion across Matrigel." Invest New Drugs. 23, 2:121-2, 2005.

6. Afaq F et al. "Pomegranate fruit extract modulates UV-B-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and activation of nuclear factor kappa B in normal human epidermal keratinocytes." Photochem Photobiol. 81, 1:38-45, 2005.

7. Seeram NP et al. "In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice." J Nutr Biochem. 16, 6:360-7, 2005. www.elsevier.com/locate/jnutbio

8. Seeram NP, Lee R, Heber D. "Bioavailability of ellagic acid in human plasma after consumption of ellagitannins from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice." Clin Chim Acta. 348, 1-2:63-8, 2004. www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00098981

9. Cerda B et al. "The potent in vitro antioxidant ellagitannins from pomegranate juice are metabolized into bioavailable but poor antioxidant hydroxyl-6H-dibenzopyran-6-one derivatives by the colonic microflora of healthy humans." Eur J Nutr. 43, 4:205-20, 2004. http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00394/

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Biological activities of standardised ellagic acid-rich pomegranate rind extracts
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Dr Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University
Published on 6 July 2010
Pomegranate rind, a by-product of the pomegranate juice industry, is a rich source of hydrolysable tannin belonging to ellagitannins. It is therefore an inexpensive and abundant source of ellagitannins. A wide range of clinical applications of pomegranate rind extract for the treatment and prevention of cancer, as well as other diseases, where chronic inflammation is believed to play an essential etiologic role, is suggested [1]. The reports have revealed that the pomegranate rind extract is a potential antioxidant agent for nutraceutical and cosmetic applications [2]. Ellagic acid is considered as an indicative marker for standardisation of the fruit rind extract [3,4], and as a biomarker for human bioavailability studies involving consumption of ellagitannins from food sources [5]. In addition, ellagic acid also has other benefits; it has anti-inflammatory [6], anti-allergy [7], anti-cancer properties [8,9], it reduces microbial growth [10], it inhibits many toxic effects caused by phospholipase A 2 [11] and it protects against testicular toxicity [12]. Thus, a method for ellagic acid enrichment in pomegranate fruit peel extract is needed.

A reversed-phase HPLC for simultaneous quantitative determination of ellagic acid, quercetin and kaempferol in the fruit rind extract using a solvent gradient has been established and validated [4]. The method involved the use of a TSK-gel ODS-80Tm column with a mixture of 2% aqueous acetic acid and methanol (gradient elution mode: 0-15 min, 40-60% v/v methanol and 15-20 min, 60% v/v methanol) as the mobile phase and detection by UV at 254 nm. Based on the HPLC analysis, only ellagic acid was found as the major constituent in the methanol extract of pomegranate rind. Neither quercetin nor kaempferol were found.

Different extraction solvents were examined to maximise ellagic acid content in pomegranate fruit rind crude extract. Considering the polarity of ellagic acid, combinations of water and methanol were examined as the extraction solvents. The results showed that 10% v/v water in methanol gave significantly higher ellagic acid content than other extraction solvents [4]. The crude extract was further purified by partitioning between ethyl acetate and 2% aqueous acetic acid to produce ellagic acid-rich extract from the ethyl acetate fraction. The appearance of the crude extract changed from a dark brown semi-solid to a brown powder for the ellagic acid-rich extract. Based on HPLC analysis, only ellagic acid was found as the major compound in the ellagic acid-rich extract. This method was capable of increasing the ellagic acid content in the extracts from 7.1% w/w to 13.6% w/w as well as the antioxidant activity. According to the satisfactory antioxidant activity of the ellagic acid-rich pomegranate, the extracts used in further studies were standardised to the ellagic acid content not less than 13% w/w [13].

Antibacterial susceptibility determination of the standardised ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract using the disc diffusion method revealed that the standardised ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract at concentration of 2 mg/disc possessed inhibitory effect against the Gram-positive bacteria including Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus (both standard and isolated strains) andStaphylococcus epidermidis. In contrast, inhibitory effect was not found against Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei and Escherichia coli. In addition, all tested bacteria were resistance to ellagic acid at concentrations up to 2 mg/ml. The potency of the standardised ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract against P. acnes, S. aureus andS. epidermidis was subsequently evaluated by determination of MIC and MBC values. The results showed that the extract exhibited satisfactory inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive anaerobe P. acnes, with an MIC value of 15.6 µg/ml. The Gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacteria , S. aureus and S. epidermidis had MIC values of 7.8-15.6 and 7.8 µg/ml, respectively. However, MBC values of the standardised ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract against these bacteria were much higher than the MIC values. It implies that the standardised ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract possesses only bacteriostatic activity against the three bacteria [14].


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Further reading
 
  • [1] Lansky, E.P., Newman, R.A. (2007). Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer. J Ethnopharmacol 109: 177-206.
  • [2] Aguilar,C.N. et al.(2008). Production of antioxidant nutraceuticals by solid- state cultures of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel and creosote bush ( Larrea tridentata) leaves. Food Technol Biotechnol 46: 218-222.
  • [3] Zhou, B. et al. (2008). Analysis of ellagic acid in pomegranate rinds by capillary electrophoresis and high- performance liquid chromatography. Phytochem Anal 19: 86-89.
  • [4] Panichayupakaranant, P, et al. (2010). Antioxidant assay-guided purification and liquid chromatographic determination of ellagic acid in pomegranate peel. J Chromatogr Sci: in press.
  • [5] Seeram, N.P. et al. (2004). Bioavailability of ellagic acid in human plasma after consumption of ellagitannins from pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) juice. Clin Chim Acta 348: 63-68.
  • [6] Ogawa, Y. et al. (2002). Protection against dextran sulfate sodium- induced colitis by microspheres of ellagic acid in rats. Life Sci 71: 827-839.
  • [7] Rogerio, A.P. et al. (2008). Anti-inflammatory effects of Lafoensia pacari and ellagic acid in a murine model of asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 580: 262-270.
  • [8] Larrosa, M. et al. (2006). The dietary hydrolysable tannin punicalagin releases ellagic acid that induces apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco- 2 cells by using the mitochondrial pathway. J Nutr Biochem 17: 611- 625.
  • [9] Mertens-Talcott, S.U., Percival, S.S. (2005). Ellagic acid and quercetin interact synergistically with resveratrol in the induction of apoptosis and cause transient cell cycle arrest in human leukemia cells. Cancer Lett 218: 141-151.
  • [10] Zambuchini, B. et al. (2008). Inhibition of microbiological activity during sole ( Solea solea L.) chilled storage by applying ellagic and ascorbic acids. LWT - Food Sci Technol 41: 1733-1738.
  • [11] Da Silva, S.L. et al. (2008). Isolation and characterization of ellagic acid derivatives isolated from Casearia sylvestris SW aqueous extract with anti- PLA2 activity. Toxicon 52: 655-666.
  • [12] Turk, G. et al. (2008). Improvement of cisplatin-induced injuries to sperm quality, the oxidant-antioxidant system, and the histologic structure of the rat testis by ellagic acid. Fertil Steril 89: 1474-1481.
  • [13] Panichayupakaranant, P. et al. (2010). Preparation method and stability of ellagic acid- rich pomegranate fruit peel extracts. Pharm Bio 48: 201-205.
  • [14] Panichayupakaranant, P. et al. (2010). Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti- allergic activities of standardized pomegranate rind extract. Food Chem 123: 400-403.
Scientific Studies on Pomegranate
Scientific Studies:Published Scientific Journal Articles about PomegranatesWe have compiled a list of independent scientific research being done internationally investigating the health benefits of the pomegranate. It is only a partial list of the broad range of research efforts worldwide. This section is intended as a general reference.

Note: Abstracts and full text articles can be found at www.pubmed.gov.


Protective effects of Punica granatum in experimentally-induced gastric ulcers. Alam MS, Alam MA, Ahmad S, Najmi AK, Asif M, Jahangir T.Toxicol Mech Methods. 2010 Nov;20(9):572-8. Epub 2010 Sep 16.

Pomegranate extract inhibits the interleukin-1beta-induced activation of MKK-3, p38alpha-MAPK and transcription factor RUNX-2 in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Rasheed Z, Akhtar N, Haqqi TM. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010 Oct 18;12(5):R195. [Epub ahead of print]

LC-DAD-ESI/MS(n) determination of direct condensation flavanol-anthocyanin adducts in pressure extracted pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice. Sentandreu E, Navarro JL, Sendra JM. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10560-7.

Influenza virus variation in susceptibility to inactivation by pomegranate polyphenols is determined by envelope glycoproteins.Sundararajan A, Ganapathy R, Huan L, Dunlap JR, Webby RJ, Kotwal GJ, Sangster MY. Antiviral Res. 2010 Oct;88(1):1-9. Epub 2010 Jul 14.

Effect of Punica granatum solvent extracts on immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against lymphocystis disease virus (LDV). Harikrishnan R, Heo J, Balasundaram C, Kim MC, Kim JS, Han YJ, Heo MS. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010 Oct;29(4):668-73. Epub 2010 Jul 31.

Pomegranate extract inhibits the proliferation and viability of MMTV-Wnt-1 mouse mammary cancer stem cells in vitro. Dai Z, Nair V, Khan M, Ciolino HP. Oncol Rep. 2010 Oct;24(4):1087-91.

Oral Feeding of Pomegranate Fruit Extract Inhibits Early Biomarkers of UVB Radiation-induced Carcinogenesis in SKH-1 Hairless Mouse Epidermis. Afaq F, Khan N, Syed DN, Mukhtar H. Photochem Photobiol. 2010 Sep 23. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00815.x. [Epub ahead of print]

Wound healing activity of Malva sylvestris and Punica granatum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Pirbalouti AG, Azizi S, Koohpayeh A, Hamedi B. Acta Pol Pharm. 2010 Sep-Oct;67(5):511-6.

Pomegranate juice (PJ) consumption antioxidative properties on mouse macrophages, but not PJ beneficial effects on macrophage cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, are mediated via PJ-induced stimulation of macrophage PON2. Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Aviram M. Atherosclerosis. 2010 Sep;212(1):86-92. Epub 2010 May 6.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice supplementation attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac necrosis in rats. Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Patel DK, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2010 Sep;10(3):174-80.

Effects of feeding polyphenols from pomegranate extract on health, growth, nutrient digestion, and immunocompetence of calves. Oliveira RA, Narciso CD, Bisinotto RS, Perdomo MC, Ballou MA, Dreher M, Santos JE. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Sep;93(9):4280-91.

Genetic diversity in inter-simple sequence repeat profiles across natural populations of Indian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Narzary D, Rana TS, Ranade SA. Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2010 Sep 1;12(5):806-13.

Characterization of a potential nutraceutical ingredient: pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil unsaponifiable fraction.Caligiani A, Bonzanini F, Palla G, Cirlini M, Bruni R. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010 Sep;65(3):277-83.

Potent antifungal activity of extracts and pure compound isolated from pomegranate peels and synergism with fluconazole against Candida albicans. Endo EH, Cortez DA, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Dias Filho BP. Res Microbiol. 2010 Sep;161(7):534-40. Epub 2010 Jun 10.

In Vitro Effects of Pomegranate Juice and Pomegranate Polyphenols on Foodborne Viral Surrogates. Su X, Sangster MY, D'Souza DH. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010 Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print]

Broad spectrum antimutagenic activity of antioxidant active fraction of Punica granatum L. peel extracts. Zahin M, Aqil F, Ahmad I. Mutat Res. 2010 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print]

NF-kappaB-dependent anti-inflammatory activity of urolithins, gut microbiota ellagic acid-derived metabolites, in human colonic fibroblasts. González-Sarrías A, Larrosa M, Tomás-Barberán FA, Dolara P, Espín JC. Br J Nutr. 2010 Aug;104(4):503-12. Epub 2010 Mar 26.

Effect of pomegranate seed oil on hyperlipidaemic subjects: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Mirmiran P, Fazeli MR, Asghari G, Shafiee A, Azizi F. Br J Nutr. 2010 Aug;104(3):402-6. Epub 2010 Mar 25.

Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV-B irradiation. Bae JY, Choi JS, Kang SW, Lee YJ, Park J, Kang YH. Exp Dermatol. 2010 Aug;19(8):e182-90.

Anti-inflammatory properties of a pomegranate extract and its metabolite urolithin-A in a colitis rat model and the effect of colon inflammation on phenolic metabolism. Larrosa M, González-Sarrías A, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, Selma MV, Azorín-Ortuño M, Toti S, Tomás-Barberán F, Dolara P, Espín JC. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Aug;21(8):717-25. Epub 2009 Jul 18.

Ellagitannins of the fruit rind of pomegranate (Punica granatum) antagonize in vitro the host inflammatory response mechanisms involved in the onset of malaria. Dell'agli M, Galli GV, Bulgari M, Basilico N, Romeo S, Bhattacharya D, Taramelli D, Bosisio E. Malar J. 2010 Jul 19;9:208.

Antifungal efficacy of Punica granatum, Acacia nilotica, Cuminum cyminum and Foeniculum vulgare on Candida albicans: an in vitro study. Pai MB, Prashant GM, Murlikrishna KS, Shivakumar KM, Chandu GN. Indian J Dent Res. 2010 Jul-Sep;21(3):334-6.

Antioxidant assay-guided purification and LC determination of ellagic acid in pomegranate peel. Panichayupakarananta P, Issuriya A, Sirikatitham A, Wang W. J Chromatogr Sci. 2010 Jul;48(6):456-9.

NMR assignment and characterization of proton exchange of the ellagitannin granatin B. Steinmetz WE. Magn Reson Chem. 2010 Jul;48(7):565-70.

Dietary antioxidants improve arteriogenic erectile dysfunction. Zhang Q, Radisavljevic ZM, Siroky MB, Azadzoi KM. Int J Androl. 2010 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print]

The influence of pomegranate by-product and punicalagins on selected groups of human intestinal microbiota. Bialonska D, Ramnani P, Kasimsetty SG, Muntha KR, Gibson GR, Ferreira D. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010 Jun 15;140(2-3):175-82. Epub 2010 Apr 2.

Prestorage oxalic acid treatment maintained visual quality, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant potential of pomegranate after long-term storage at 2 degrees C. Sayyari M, Valero D, Babalar M, Kalantari S, Zapata PJ, Serrano M. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jun 9;58(11):6804-8.

Medicinal plants as immunosuppressive agents in traditional Iranian medicine. Amirghofran Z. Iran J Immunol. 2010 Jun;7(2):65-73.

Effect of pomegranate juice on Angiotensin II-induced hypertension in diabetic Wistar rats. Mohan M, Waghulde H, Kasture S. Phytother Res. 2010 Jun;24 Suppl 2:S196-203. Erratum in: Phytother Res. 2010 Jun;24 Suppl 2:S233-4.

Protective effect of pomegranate seed oil on hexachlorobutadiene-induced nephrotoxicity in rat kidneys. Bouroshaki MT, Sadeghnia HR, Banihasan M, Yavari S. Ren Fail. 2010 Jun;32(5):612-7.

Isolation and Characterization of Novel Microsatellite Markers in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Pirseyedi SM, Valizadehghan S, Mardi M, Ghaffari MR, Mahmoodi P, Zahravi M, Zeinalabedini M, Nekoui SM. Int J Mol Sci. 2010 May 3;11(5):2010-6.

Color, sugars and organic acids composition in aril juices and peel homogenates prepared from different pomegranate accessions. Dafny-Yalin M, Glazer I, Bar-Ilan I, Kerem Z, Holland D, Amir R. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Apr 14;58(7):4342-52.

Effects of fruit ellagitannin extracts, ellagic acid, and their colonic metabolite, urolithin A, on Wnt signaling. Sharma M, Li L, Celver J, Killian C, Kovoor A, Seeram NP. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Apr 14;58(7):3965-9.

Efficacy of Punica granatum extract on in-vitro and in-vivo control of Trichomonas vaginalis. El-Sherbini GM, Ibrahim KM, El Sherbiny ET, Abdel-Hady NM, Morsy TA. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2010 Apr;40(1):229-44.

Pomegranate juice polyphenols increase recombinant paraoxonase-1 binding to high-density lipoprotein: studies in vitro and in diabetic patients. Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Aviram M. Nutrition. 2010 Apr;26(4):359-66. Epub 2009 Sep 17.

Antifungal activity of extracts of some plants used in Brazilian traditional medicine against the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Johann S, Cisalpino PS, Watanabe GA, Cota BB, de Siqueira EP, Pizzolatti MG, Zani CL, de Resende MA. Pharm Biol. 2010 Apr;48(4):388-96.

Extract of Punica granatum inhibits skin photoaging induced by UVB irradiation. Park HM, Moon E, Kim AJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Lee JB, Park YK, Jung HS, Kim YB, Kim SY. Int J Dermatol. 2010 Mar;49(3):276-82.

Ellagitannin consumption improves strength recovery 2-3 d after eccentric exercise. Trombold JR, Barnes JN, Critchley L, Coyle EF. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Mar;42(3):493-8.

Occurrence of urolithins, gut microbiota ellagic acid metabolites and proliferation markers expression response in the human prostate gland upon consumption of walnuts and pomegranate juice. González-Sarrías A, Giménez-Bastida JA, García-Conesa MT, Gómez-Sánchez MB, García-Talavera NV, Gil-Izquierdo A, Sánchez-Alvarez C, Fontana-Compiano LO, Morga-Egea JP, Pastor-Quirante FA, Martínez-Díaz F, Tomás-Barberán FA, Espín JC. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Mar;54(3):311-22.

Anticandidal activity of pomegranate peel extract aerosol as an applicable sanitizing method. Tayel AA, El-Tras WF. Mycoses. 2010 Mar 1;53(2):117-22. Epub 2009 Jan 24.

The effects of pomegranate seed extract and beta-sitosterol on rat uterine contractions. Promprom W, Kupittayanant P, Indrapichate K, Wray S, Kupittayanant S. Reprod Sci. 2010 Mar;17(3):288-96. Epub 2009 Dec 4.

Colon cancer chemopreventive activities of pomegranate ellagitannins and urolithins. Kasimsetty SG, Bialonska D, Reddy MK, Ma G, Khan SI, Ferreira D. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Feb 24;58(4):2180-7.

Multiresidue analysis of 50 pesticides in grape, pomegranate, and mango by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry.Savant RH, Banerjee K, Utture SC, Patil SH, Dasgupta S, Ghaste MS, Adsule PG. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Feb 10;58(3):1447-54.

Acute and long-term effects of grape and pomegranate juice consumption on vascular reactivity in paediatric metabolic syndrome. Hashemi M, Kelishadi R, Hashemipour M, Zakerameli A, Khavarian N, Ghatrehsamani S, Poursafa P. Cardiol Young. 2010 Feb;20(1):73-7. Epub 2010 Feb 22.

Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF-IGFBP axis. Koyama S, Cobb LJ, Mehta HH, Seeram NP, Heber D, Pantuck AJ, Cohen P. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2010 Feb;20(1):55-62. Epub 2009 Oct 22.

Punicic acid is an omega-5 fatty acid capable of inhibiting breast cancer proliferation. Grossmann ME, Mizuno NK, Schuster T, Cleary MP. Int J Oncol. 2010 Feb;36(2):421-6.

The effects of polyphenol-containing antioxidants on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications. Fenercioglu AK, Saler T, Genc E, Sabuncu H, Altuntas Y. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010 Feb;33(2):118-24. Epub 2009 Oct 15.

Pomegranate and breast cancer: possible mechanisms of prevention. Sturgeon SR, Ronnenberg AG. Nutr Rev. 2010 Feb;68(2):122-8. Review.

Preparation method and stability of ellagic acid-rich pomegranate fruit peel extract. Panichayupakaranant P, Itsuriya A, Sirikatitham A. Pharm Biol. 2010 Feb;48(2):201-5.

Chondroprotective effects of pomegranate juice on monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis of the knee joint of mice. Hadipour-Jahromy M, Mozaffari-Kermani R. Phytother Res. 2010 Feb;24(2):182-5.

Apoptosis by dietary agents for prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Khan N, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2010 Jan 29;17(1):R39-52. Print 2010 Mar. Review.

Rooting response of five pomegranate varieties to indole butyric acid concentration and cuttings age. Owais SJ. Pak J Biol Sci. 2010 Jan 15;13(2):51-8.

The wound healing activity of flower extracts of Punica granatum and Achillea kellalensis in Wistar rats. Pirbalouti AG, Koohpayeh A, Karimi I. Acta Pol Pharm. 2010 Jan-Feb;67(1):107-10. No abstract available.

Beyond the antioxidant properties: pomegranate juice polyphenols increase hepatocyte paraoxonase 1 secretion. Gugliucci A. Atherosclerosis. 2010 Jan;208(1):28-9. Epub 2009 Oct 2. No abstract available.

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) expression in hepatocytes is upregulated by pomegranate polyphenols: a role for PPAR-gamma pathway.Khateeb J, Gantman A, Kreitenberg AJ, Aviram M, Fuhrman B. Atherosclerosis. 2010 Jan;208(1):119-25. Epub 2009 Sep 6.

Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived compounds exhibit antiproliferative and antiaromatase activity in breast cancer cells in vitro.Adams LS, Zhang Y, Seeram NP, Heber D, Chen S. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010 Jan;3(1):108-13.

Possible interaction between pomegranate juice and warfarin. Jarvis S, Li C, Bogle RG. Emerg Med J. 2010 Jan;27(1):74-5.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed linolenic acid isomers: concentration-dependent modulation of estrogen receptor activity.Tran HN, Bae SY, Song BH, Lee BH, Bae YS, Kim YH, Lansky EP, Newman RA. Endocr Res. 2010 Jan;35(1):1-16.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir.Haidari M, Ali M, Ward Casscells S 3rd, Madjid M. Phytomedicine. 2009 Dec;16(12):1127-36. Epub 2009 Jul 7.

The Effects of Pomegranate Seed Extract and B-Sitosterol on Rat Uterine Contractions. Promprom W, Kupittayanant P, Indrapichate K, Wray S, Kupittayanant S. Reprod Sci. 2009 Dec 4.

Ellagitannin Consumption Improves Strength Recovery 2-3 Days after Eccentric Exercise. Trombold JR, Barnes JN, Critchley L, Coyle EF. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Nov 23.

Effects of pomegranate chemical constituents/intestinal microbial metabolites on CYP1B1 in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells.Kasimsetty SG, Bialonska D, Reddy MK, Thornton C, Willett KL, Ferreira D. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Nov 25;57(22):10636-44.

Occurrence of urolithins, gut microbiota ellagic acid metabolites and proliferation markers expression response in the human prostate gland upon consumption of walnuts and pomegranate juice. González-Sarrías A, Giménez-Bastida JA, García-Conesa MT, Gómez-Sánchez MB, García-Talavera NV, Gil-Izquierdo A, Sánchez-Álvarez C, Fontana-Compiano LO, Morga-Egea JP, Pastor-Quirante FA, Martínez-Díaz F, Tomás-Barberán FA, Espín JC. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Nov 2.

Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF-IGFBP axis. Koyama S, Cobb LJ, Mehta HH, Seeram NP, Heber D, Pantuck AJ, Cohen P. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009 Oct 21.

Beyond the antioxidant properties: Pomegranate juice polyphenols increase hepatocyte paraoxonase 1 secretion. Gugliucci A. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Oct 2.

Effects of pomegranate juice on hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative stress in the rat kidneys. Ilbey YO, Ozbek E, Simsek A, Cekmen M, Somay A, Tasci AI. Ren Fail. 2009;31(6):522-31.

Antimicrobial pomegranate rind extracts: enhancement by Cu(II) and vitamin C combinations against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gould SW, Fielder MD, Kelly AF, El Sankary W, Naughton DP. Br J Biomed Sci. 2009;66(3):129-32.

Urolithins, intestinal microbial metabolites of pomegranate ellagitannins, exhibit potent antioxidant activity in a cell-based assay.Bialonska D, Kasimsetty SG, Khan SI, Ferreira D. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Nov 11;57(21):10181-6.

Pomegranate fruit extract impairs invasion and motility in human breast cancer. Khan GN, Gorin MA, Rosenthal D, Pan Q, Bao LW, Wu ZF, Newman RA, Pawlus AD, Yang P, Lansky EP, Merajver SD. Integr Cancer Ther. 2009 Sep;8(3):242-53.

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) expression in hepatocytes is upregulated by pomegranate polyphenols: A role for PPAR-gamma pathway. Khateeb J, Gantman A, Kreitenberg AJ, Aviram M, Fuhrman B. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Sep 6.

Effects of consumption of pomegranate juice on carotid intima-media thickness in men and women at moderate risk for coronary heart disease. Davidson MH, Maki KC, Dicklin MR, Feinstein SB, Witchger M, Bell M, McGuire DK, Provost JC, Liker H, Aviram M. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Oct 1;104(7):936-42.

Pomegranate juice polyphenols increase recombinant paraoxonase-1 binding to high-density lipoprotein: Studies in vitro and in diabetic patients. Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Aviram M. Nutrition. 2009 Sep 15.

Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Characterization of Six Georgia-Grown Pomegranate Cultivars. Pande G, Akoh CC. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Sep 10.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) allergy: clinical and immunological findings. Damiani E, Aloia AM, Priore MG, Nardulli S, Ferrannini A. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009 Aug;103(2):178-80.

Environmental conditions affect the color, taste, and antioxidant capacity of 11 pomegranate accessions' fruits. Schwartz E, Tzulker R, Glazer I, Bar-Ya'akov I, Wiesman Z, Tripler E, Bar-Ilan I, Fromm H, Borochov-Neori H, Holland D, Amir R. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Oct 14;57(19):9197-209.

Toxicological evaluation of pomegranate seed oil. Meerts IA, Verspeek-Rip CM, Buskens CA, Keizer HG, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jouni ZE, van Huygevoort AH, van Otterdijk FM, van de Waart EJ. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Feb 2.

The effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) byproducts and ellagitannins on the growth of human gut bacteria. Bialonska D, Kasimsetty SG, Schrader KK, Ferreira D. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Sep 23;57(18):8344-9.

In vitro and In vivo Antibacterial Activity of Punica granatum Peel Ethanol Extract Against Salmonella. Choi JG, Kang OH, Lee YS, Chae HS, Oh YC, Brice OO, Kim MS, Sohn DH, Kim HS, Park H, Shin DW, Rho JR, Kwon DY. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009 Aug 17.

Physico-chemical properties and DPPH-ABTS scavenging activity of some local pomegranate (Punica granatum) ecotypes.Elfalleh W, Nasri N, Marzougui N, Thabti I, M'rabet A, Yahya Y, Lachiheb B, Guasmi F, Ferchichi A. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 2:197-210.

Punicic acid a conjugated linolenic acid inhibits TNFalpha-induced neutrophil hyperactivation and protects from experimental colon inflammation in rats. Boussetta T, Raad H, Lettéron P, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Marie JC, Driss F, El-Benna J. PLoS One. 2009 Jul 31;4(7):e6458.

Potential interaction between pomegranate juice and warfarin. Komperda KE. Pharmacotherapy. 2009 Aug;29(8):1002-6.

Anti-microbial activities of pomegranate rind extracts: enhancement by cupric sulphate against clinical isolates of S. aureus, MRSA and PVL positive CA-MSSA. Gould SW, Fielder MD, Kelly AF, Naughton DP. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009 Jul 27;9:23.

Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. Al-Zoreky NS. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009 Sep 15;134(3):244-8.

Anti-inflammatory properties of a pomegranate extract and its metabolite urolithin-A in a colitis rat model and the effect of colon inflammation on phenolic metabolism. Larrosa M, González-Sarrías A, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, Selma MV, Azorín-Ortuño M, Toti S, Tomás-Barberán F, Dolara P, Espín JC. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Jul 17.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir.Haidari M, Ali M, Ward Casscells S 3rd, Madjid M. Phytomedicine. 2009 Dec;16(12):1127-36.

Antiplasmodial activity of Punica granatum L. fruit rind. Dell'Agli M, Galli GV, Corbett Y, Taramelli D, Lucantoni L, Habluetzel A, Maschi O, Caruso D, Giavarini F, Romeo S, Bhattacharya D, Bosisio E. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Sep 7;125(2):279-85.

The role of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in colon cancer. Khan SA. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2009 Jul;22(3):346-8.

Chondroprotective effects of pomegranate juice on monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis of the knee joint of mice. Hadipour-Jahromy M, Mozaffari-Kermani R. Phytother Res. 2009 Jun 5.

Punica granatum peel extract protects against ionizing radiation-induced enteritis and leukocyte apoptosis in rats. Toklu HZ, Sehirli O, Ozyurt H, Mayada?li AA, Ek?io?lu-Demiralp E, Cetinel S, Sahin H, Ye?en BC, Ulusoylu Dumlu M, G�kmen V, Sener G. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2009 Jul;50(4):345-53.

Antimicrobial activity of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties and their relation to some of their pomological and phytonutrient characteristics. Duman AD, Ozgen M, Dayisoylu KS, Erbil N, Durgac C. Molecules. 2009 May 13;14(5):1808-17.

Effects of pomegranate juice and extract polyphenols on platelet function. Mattiello T, Trifirò E, Jotti GS, Pulcinelli FM. J Med Food. 2009 Apr;12(2):334-9.

Pomegranate flower ameliorates fatty liver in an animal model of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Xu KZ, Zhu C, Kim MS, Yamahara J, Li Y. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jun 22;123(2):280-7.

Toxicological evaluation of pomegranate seed oil. Meerts IA, Verspeek-Rip CM, Buskens CA, Keizer HG, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jouni ZE, van Huygevoort AH, van Otterdijk FM, van de Waart EJ. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jun;47(6):1085-92.

Pomegranate: its role in cardiovascular health. Ross SM. Holist Nurs Pract. 2009 May-Jun;23(3):195-7.

Embryo protective effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit extract in adriamycin-induced oxidative stress. Kishore RK, Sudhakar D, Parthasarathy PR. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2009 Feb;46(1):106-11.

Exploring the ameliorative potential of Punica granatum in dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Singh K, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Phytother Res. 2009 Nov;23(11):1565-74.

Pomegranate fruit components modulate human thrombin. Cuccioloni M, Mozzicafreddo M, Sparapani L, Spina M, Eleuteri AM, Fioretti E, Angeletti M. Fitoterapia. 2009 Jul;80(5):301-5.

Protective effect of pomegranate-derived products on UVB-mediated damage in human reconstituted skin. Afaq F, Zaid MA, Khan N, Dreher M, Mukhtar H. Exp Dermatol. 2009 Jun;18(6):553-61.

Central nervous system activity of acute administration of ethanol extract of Punica granatum L. seeds in mice. Kumar S, Maheshwari KK, Singh V. Indian J Exp Biol. 2008 Dec;46(12):811-6.

Pomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measures relevant to gingivitis risk. DiSilvestro RA, DiSilvestro DJ, DiSilvestro DJ. Phytother Res. 2009 Aug;23(8):1123-7.

Pomegranate juice: a heart-healthy fruit juice. Basu A, Penugonda K. Nutr Rev. 2009 Jan;67(1):49-56.

Stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation and inhibition of interleukin-6 and nitric oxide in MC3T3-E1 cells by pomegranate ethanol extract. Kim YH, Choi EM. Phytother Res. 2009 May;23(5):737-9.

Transport behavior of ellagic acid of pomegranate leaf tannins and its correlation with total cholesterol alteration in HepG2 cells.Lan J, Lei F, Hua L, Wang Y, Xing D, Du L. Biomed Chromatogr. 2009 May;23(5):531-6.

Pomegranate juice is potentially better than apple juice in improving antioxidant function in elderly subjects. Guo C, Wei J, Yang J, Xu J, Pang W, Jiang Y. Nutr Res. 2008 Feb;28(2):72-7.

Pomegranate seed oil consumption during a period of high-fat feeding reduces weight gain and reduces type 2 diabetes risk in CD-1 mice. McFarlin BK, Strohacker KA, Kueht ML. Br J Nutr. 2009 Jul;102(1):54-9.

Antimicrobial activities of pomegranate rind extracts: enhancement by addition of metal salts and vitamin C. McCarrell EM, Gould SW, Fielder MD, Kelly AF, El Sankary W, Naughton DP. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008 Dec 15;8:64.

Pomegranate juice inhibits sulfoconjugation in Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells. Saruwatari A, Okamura S, Nakajima Y, Narukawa Y, Takeda T, Tamura H. J Med Food. 2008 Dec;11(4):623-8.

Comment on safety and antioxidant activity of a pomegranate ellagitannin-enriched polyphenol dietary supplement in overweight individuals with increased waist size. Faria A, Monteiro R, Azevedo I, Calhau C. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Dec 24;56(24):12143-4.

Protective effect of a potent antioxidant, pomegranate juice, in the kidney of rats with nephrolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol.Tugcu V, Kemahli E, Ozbek E, Arinci YV, Uhri M, Erturkuner P, Metin G, Seckin I, Karaca C, Ipekoglu N, Altug T, Cekmen MB, Tasci AI. J Endourol. 2008 Dec;22(12):2723-31.

Hepatoprotective role and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) flowers infusion against trichloroacetic acid-exposed in rats. Celik I, Temur A, Isik I. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jan;47(1):145-9.

Medicinal flowers. XXIII. New taraxastane-type triterpene, punicanolic acid, with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitory activity from the flowers of Punica granatum. Xie Y, Morikawa T, Ninomiya K, Imura K, Muraoka O, Yuan D, Yoshikawa M. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2008 Nov;56(11):1628-31.

Antidiabetic effect of Punica granatum flowers: effect on hyperlipidemia, pancreatic cells lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in experimental diabetes. Bagri P, Ali M, Aeri V, Bhowmik M, Sultana S. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jan;47(1):50-4.

Antioxidant properties of peel and pulp hydro extract in ten Persian pomegranate cultivars. Hajimahmoodi M, Oveisi MR, Sadeghi N, Jannat B, Hadjibabaie M, Farahani E, Akrami MR, Namdar R. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008 Jun 15;11(12):1600-4.

Antidiabetic potential of Citrus sinensis and Punica granatum peel extracts in alloxan treated male mice. Parmar HS, Kar A. Biofactors. 2007;31(1):17-24.

Pomegranate extract inhibits androgen-independent prostate cancer growth through a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent mechanism. Rettig MB, Heber D, An J, Seeram NP, Rao JY, Liu H, Klatte T, Belldegrun A, Moro A, Henning SM, Mo D, Aronson WJ, Pantuck A. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Sep;7(9):2662-71. Erratum in: Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Nov;7(11):3654.

Consumption of wonderful variety pomegranate juice and extract by diabetic patients increases paraoxonase 1 association with high-density lipoprotein and stimulates its catalytic activities. Rock W, Rosenblat M, Miller-Lotan R, Levy AP, Elias M, Aviram M. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 24;56(18):8704-13.

Protective effects of standardized pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) polyphenolic extract in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. Pacheco-Palencia LA, Noratto G, Hingorani L, Talcott ST, Mertens-Talcott SU. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 24;56(18):8434-41.

Pomegranate juice and extracts provide similar levels of plasma and urinary ellagitannin metabolites in human subjects.Seeram NP, Zhang Y, McKeever R, Henning SM, Lee RP, Suchard MA, Li Z, Chen S, Thames G, Zerlin A, Nguyen M, Wang D, Dreher M, Heber D. J Med Food. 2008 Jun;11(2):390-4.

Medicinal values of fruit peels from Citrus sinensis, Punica granatum, and Musa paradisiaca with respect to alterations in tissue lipid peroxidation and serum concentration of glucose, insulin, and thyroid hormones. Parmar HS, Kar A. J Med Food. 2008 Jun;11(2):376-81.

Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review. Jurenka JS. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Jun;13(2):128-44.

Safety assessment of pomegranate fruit extract: acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Patel C, Dadhaniya P, Hingorani L, Soni MG. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Aug;46(8):2728-35.

Bioavailable constituents/metabolites of pomegranate (Punica granatum L) preferentially inhibit COX2 activity ex vivo and IL-1beta-induced PGE2 production in human chondrocytes in vitro. Shukla M, Gupta K, Rasheed Z, Khan KA, Haqqi TM. J Inflamm (Lond). 2008 Jun 13;5:9.

Traditional medicinal plants of cold desert Ladakh-used against kidney and urinary disorders. Ballabh B, Chaurasia OP, Ahmed Z, Singh SB. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Jul 23;118(2):331-9.

Consumption of hydrolyzable tannins-rich pomegranate extract suppresses inflammation and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Shukla M, Gupta K, Rasheed Z, Khan KA, Haqqi TM. Nutrition. 2008 Jul-Aug;24(7-8):733-43.

Pomegranate polyphenols down-regulate expression of androgen-synthesizing genes in human prostate cancer cells overexpressing the androgen receptor. Hong MY, Seeram NP, Heber D. J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Dec;19(12):848-55.

Multitargeted therapy of cancer by ellagitannins. Heber D. Cancer Lett. 2008 Oct 8;269(2):262-8.

Immune-suppressive activity of punicalagin via inhibition of NFAT activation. Lee SI, Kim BS, Kim KS, Lee S, Shin KS, Lim JS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Jul 11;371(4):799-803.

Ellagic acid, pomegranate and prostate cancer -- a mini review. Bell C, Hawthorne S. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 Feb;60(2):139-44.

Analysis of ellagic acid in pomegranate rinds by capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Zhou B, Wu Z, Li X, Zhang J, Hu X. Phytochem Anal. 2008 Jan-Feb;19(1):86-9.

Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on sperm quality, spermatogenic cell density, antioxidant activity and testosterone level in male rats. Türk G, S�nmez M, Aydin M, Yüce A, Gür S, Yüksel M, Aksu EH, Aksoy H. Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;27(2):289-96.

Comparison of antioxidant potency of commonly consumed polyphenol-rich beverages in the United States. Seeram NP, Aviram M, Zhang Y, Henning SM, Feng L, Dreher M, Heber D. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 27;56(4):1415-22.

Berry fruits: compositional elements, biochemical activities, and the impact of their intake on human health, performance, and disease. Seeram NP. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 13;56(3):627-9.

Ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract inhibits angiogenesis in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Sartippour MR, Seeram NP, Rao JY, Moro A, Harris DM, Henning SM, Firouzi A, Rettig MB, Aronson WJ, Pantuck AJ, Heber D. Int J Oncol. 2008 Feb;32(2):475-80.

Pomegranate phenolics from the peels, arils, and flowers are antiatherogenic: studies in vivo in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein e-deficient (E 0) mice and in vitro in cultured macrophages and lipoproteins. Aviram M, Volkova N, Coleman R, Dreher M, Reddy MK, Ferreira D, Rosenblat M. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 13;56(3):1148-57.

Pomegranate juice effects on cytochrome P450S expression: in vivo studies. Faria A, Monteiro R, Azevedo I, Calhau C. J Med Food. 2007 Dec;10(4):643-9.

Pomegranate flower: a unique traditional antidiabetic medicine with dual PPAR-alpha/-gamma activator properties. Li Y, Qi Y, Huang TH, Yamahara J, Roufogalis BD. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008 Jan;10(1):10-7.

Can pomegranate prevent prostate cancer? Pereira M. J Cancer Res Ther. 2007 Jul-Sep;3(3):166.

Isolation and identification of two lipid transfer proteins in pomegranate (Punica granatum). Zoccatelli G, Dalla Pellegrina C, Consolini M, Fusi M, Sforza S, Aquino G, Dossena A, Chignola R, Peruffo A, Olivieri M, Rizzi C. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Dec 26;55(26):11057-62.

Assessment of the genotoxic risk of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts. Sánchez-Lamar A, Fonseca G, Fuentes JL, Cozzi R, Cundari E, Fiore M, Ricordy R, Perticone P, Degrassi F, De Salvia R. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Feb 12;115(3):416-22.

Antibacterial activity directed isolation of compounds from Punica granatum. Naz S, Siddiqi R, Ahmad S, Rasool SA, Sayeed SA. J Food Sci. 2007 Nov;72(9):M341-5.

Pomegranate oil analysis with emphasis on MALDI-TOF/MS triacylglycerol fingerprinting. Kaufman M, Wiesman Z. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Dec 12;55(25):10405-13.

Safety and antioxidant activity of a pomegranate ellagitannin-enriched polyphenol dietary supplement in overweight individuals with increased waist size. Heber D, Seeram NP, Wyatt H, Henning SM, Zhang Y, Ogden LG, Dreher M, Hill JO. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Nov 28;55(24):10050-4.

Pomegranate peel extract prevents liver fibrosis in biliary-obstructed rats. Toklu HZ, Dumlu MU, Sehirli O, Ercan F, Gedik N, G�kmen V, Sener G. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007 Sep;59(9):1287-95.

Antioxidant activity, polyphenol content, and related compounds in different fruit juices and homogenates prepared from 29 different pomegranate accessions. Tzulker R, Glazer I, Bar-Ilan I, Holland D, Aviram M, Amir R. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Nov 14;55(23):9559-70.

Anti-oxidants from green tea and pomegranate for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Mol Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;37(1):52-7.

Pomegranate polyphenols and resveratrol protect the neonatal brain against hypoxic-ischemic injury. West T, Atzeva M, Holtzman DM. Dev Neurosci. 2007;29(4-5):363-72.

Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived metabolites inhibit prostate cancer growth and localize to the mouse prostate gland. Seeram NP, Aronson WJ, Zhang Y, Henning SM, Moro A, Lee RP, Sartippour M, Harris DM, Rettig M, Suchard MA, Pantuck AJ, Belldegrun A, Heber D. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep 19;55(19):7732-7.

Preparative separation of punicalagin from pomegranate husk by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Lu J, Wei Y, Yuan Q. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 Sep 15;857(1):175-9.

Pomegranate wine has greater protection capacity than red wine on low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Sezer ED, Akçay YD, Ilanbey B, Yildirim HK, S�zmen EY. J Med Food. 2007 Jun;10(2):371-4.

Punica granatum: heuristic treatment for diabetes mellitus. Katz SR, Newman RA, Lansky EP. J Med Food. 2007 Jun;10(2):213-7.

Pomegranate derived products for cancer chemoprevention. Syed DN, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Semin Cancer Biol. 2007 Oct;17(5):377-85. E

Efficacy and safety of pomegranate juice on improvement of erectile dysfunction in male patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Forest CP, Padma-Nathan H, Liker HR. Int J Impot Res. 2007 Nov-Dec;19(6):564-7.

Antioxidant, antimalarial and antimicrobial activities of tannin-rich fractions, ellagitannins and phenolic acids from Punica granatum L. Reddy MK, Gupta SK, Jacob MR, Khan SI, Ferreira D. Planta Med. 2007 May;73(5):461-7.

The influence of pomegranate fruit extract in comparison to regular pomegranate juice and seed oil on nitric oxide and arterial function in obese Zucker rats. de Nigris F, Balestrieri ML, Williams-Ignarro S, D'Armiento FP, Fiorito C, Ignarro LJ, Napoli C. Nitric Oxide. 2007 Aug;17(1):50-4.

Effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice intake on hepatic oxidative stress. Faria A, Monteiro R, Mateus N, Azevedo I, Calhau C. Eur J Nutr. 2007 Aug;46(5):271-8.

Oral consumption of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits growth and progression of primary lung tumors in mice. Khan N, Afaq F, Kweon MH, Kim K, Mukhtar H. Cancer Res. 2007 Apr 1;67(7):3475-82.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity and preventing DNA damage effect of pomegranate extracts by chemiluminescence method.Guo S, Deng Q, Xiao J, Xie B, Sun Z. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Apr 18;55(8):3134-40.

Cytoprotective effect of preparations from various parts of Punica granatum L. fruits in oxidatively injured mammalian cells in comparison with their antioxidant capacity in cell free systems. Sestili P, Martinelli C, Ricci D, Fraternale D, Bucchini A, Giamperi L, Curcio R, Piccoli G, Stocchi V. Pharmacol Res. 2007 Jul;56(1):18-26.

Antiliperoxidant activity of pomegranate peel extracts on lard. Zhang Q, Jia D, Yao K. Nat Prod Res. 2007 Mar;21(3):211-6.

Pomegranate juice does not impair clearance of oral or intravenous midazolam, a probe for cytochrome P450-3A activity: comparison with grapefruit juice. Farkas D, Oleson LE, Zhao Y, Harmatz JS, Zinny MA, Court MH, Greenblatt DJ. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;47(3):286-94.

Evidence of anti-obesity effects of the pomegranate leaf extract in high-fat diet induced obese mice. Lei F, Zhang XN, Wang W, Xing DM, Xie WD, Su H, Du LJ. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Jun;31(6):1023-9.

Macrophage paraoxonase 2 (PON2) expression is up-regulated by pomegranate juice phenolic anti-oxidants via PPAR gamma and AP-1 pathway activation. Shiner M, Fuhrman B, Aviram M. Atherosclerosis. 2007 Dec;195(2):313-21.

The application of polyamines by pressure or immersion as a tool to maintain functional properties in stored pomegranate arils.Mirdehghan SH, Rahemi M, Serrano M, Guillén F, Martínez-Romero D, Valero D. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Feb 7;55(3):755-60.

In vitro studies on the binding, antioxidant, and cytotoxic actions of punicalagin. Kulkarni AP, Mahal HS, Kapoor S, Aradhya SM. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Feb 21;55(4):1491-500.

Effects of oral administration of ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract on ultraviolet-induced pigmentation in the human skin.Kasai K, Yoshimura M, Koga T, Arii M, Kawasaki S. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2006 Oct;52(5):383-8.

Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque. Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS. J Herb Pharmacother. 2006;6(2):79-92.

A new method of standartization of health-promoting pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum) extract. Jimenez Del Rio M, Ramazanov A, Sikorski S, Ramazanov Z, Chkhikvishvili I. Georgian Med News. 2006 Nov;(140):70-7.

Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer. Lansky EP, Newman RA. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jan 19;109(2):177-206.

Free radical scavenging, anti-glycation and tyrosinase inhibition properties of a polysaccharide fraction isolated from the rind from Punica granatum. Rout S, Banerjee R. Bioresour Technol. 2007 Nov;98(16):3159-63.

Effects of pomegranate juice on human cytochrome P450 2C9 and tolbutamide pharmacokinetics in rats. Nagata M, Hidaka M, Sekiya H, Kawano Y, Yamasaki K, Okumura M, Arimori K. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Feb;35(2):302-5.

Absorption, metabolism, and antioxidant effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum l.) polyphenols after ingestion of a standardized extract in healthy human volunteers. Mertens-Talcott SU, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Rios J, Hingorani L, Derendorf H. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Nov 15;54(23):8956-61.

Cholesterol-lowering effect of concentrated pomegranate juice consumption in type II diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia.Esmaillzadeh A, Tahbaz F, Gaieni I, Alavi-Majd H, Azadbakht L. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2006 May;76(3):147-51.

Polyphenols from green tea and pomegranate for prevention of prostate cancer. Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Free Radic Res. 2006 Oct;40(10):1095-104.

Effects of a pomegranate fruit extract rich in punicalagin on oxidation-sensitive genes and eNOS activity at sites of perturbed shear stress and atherogenesis. de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Sica V, Lerman LO, D'Armiento FP, Byrns RE, Casamassimi A, Carpentiero D, Schiano C, Sumi D, Fiorito C, Ignarro LJ, Napoli C. Cardiovasc Res. 2007 Jan 15;73(2):414-23.

Photochemopreventive effect of pomegranate fruit extract on UVA-mediated activation of cellular pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Syed DN, Malik A, Hadi N, Sarfaraz S, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Photochem Photobiol 2006 Mar-Apr;82(2):398-405.

Beware of pomegranates bearing 40% ellagic Acid. Lansky EP. J Med Food 2006 Spring;9(1):119-22.

Pomegranate as a cosmeceutical source: pomegranate fractions promote proliferation and procollagen synthesis and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin cells. Aslam MN, Lansky EP, Varani J. J Ethnopharmacol 2006 Feb;103(3):311-8.

Dietary effect of pomegranate seed oil on immune function and lipid metabolism in mice. Yamasaki M, Kitagawa T, Koyanagi N, Chujo H, Maeda H, Kohno-Murase J, Imamura J, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Nutrition 2006 Jan;22(1):54-9.

Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary heart disease. Sumner MD, Elliott-Eller M, Weidner G, Daubenmier JJ, Chew MH, Marlin R, Raisin CJ, Ornish D. Amer J Cardio 2005;96:810-814.

Anti-oxidative effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) consumption by diabetic patients on serum and on macrophages. Rosenblat M, Hayek T, Aviram M. Atherosclerosis 2005 Oct.

Pomegranate juice inhibits oxidized LDL uptake and cholesterol biosynthesis in macrophages. Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Avram M. J Nut Biochem 2005 Sep;16(9):570-6.

Maternal dietary supplementation with pomegranate juice is neuroprotective in an animal model of neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Loren DJ, Seeram NP, Schulman RN, Holtzman DM. Pediatr Res 2005 Mar;17.

Oxidative Stress in Arteriogenic Erectile Dysfunction: Prophylactic Role of Antioxidants. Azadzoi KM, Schulman RN, Aviram M, Siroky MB. J Urology 2005; 174(1):386-393.

Beneficial Effects of Pomegranate Juice on Oxidation-Sensitive Genes and eNos Activity at Sites of Perturbed Shear-Stress. de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Lerman LO, Crimi E, Botti C, Mansueto G, D'Armiento FP, De Rosa G, Sica V, Ignarro LJ, Napoli C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2005 102(13):4896-4901.

Anthocyanin and hydrolyzable tannin-rich pomegranate fruit extract modulates MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways and inhibits skin tumorigenesis in CD-1 mice. Afaq F, Saleem M, Krueger CG, Reed JD, and Mukhtar H. Int J Cancer 2005;113(3):423-33.

Possible synergistic prostate cancer suppression by anatomically discrete pomegranate fractions. Lansky EP, Jiang W, Mo H, Bravo L, Froom P, Yu W, Harris NM, Neeman I, Campbell MJ. Invest New Drugs 2005 Jan;23(1):11-20.

Pomegranate extract inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth and subsequent enterotoxin production. Braga LC, Shupp JW, Cummings C, Jett M, Takahashi JA, Carmo LS, Chartone-Souza E, Nascimento AM. J Ethnopharmacol 2005 Jan;4;96(1-2):335-9.

Concentrated pomegranate juice improves lipid profiles in diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia. Esmaillzadeh A, Tahbaz F, Gaieni I, Alavi-Majd H, Azadbakht L. J Med Food. 2004 Fall;7(3):305-8.

Pomegranate extracts potently suppress proliferation, xenograft growth, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. Albrecht M, Jiang W, Kumi-Diaka J, Lansky EP,Gommersall LM, Patel A, Mansel RE, Neeman I,Geldof AA, Campbell MJ. J Med Food 2004 Fall;7(3):274-83.

Punica granatum (Pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide. Neurath AR, Strick N, Li YY, Debnath AK. BMC Infect Dis 2004 Oct;4(1):41.

Bioavailability of ellagic acid in human plasma after consumption of ellagitannins from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice.Seeram NP, Lee R, Heber D. Clinica Chimica Acta 2004 Oct;348(1-2):63-8.

Antioxidant activity of selected foodstuffs. Kelawala NS, Ananthanarayan L. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2004 Sep;55(6):511-6. Antiviral activities of medicinal herbs traditionally used in southern mainland China. Li Y, Ooi LS,Wang H, But PP, Ooi VE. Phytother Res 2004 Sep;18(9):718-22.

Breast cancer chemopreventive properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in a mouse mammary organ culture. Mehta R, Lansky EP. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004 Aug;13(4):345-8.

Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hoffman A, Dornfeld L, Volkova N, Presser D, Attias J, Liker H, Hayek T. Clin Nutr 2004 Jun;23(3):423-33.

Pomegranate extract improves a depressive state and bone properties in menopausal syndrome model ovariectomized mice.Mori-Okamoto J, Otawara-Hamamoto Y, Yamato H, Yoshimura H. J Ethnopharmacol 2004 May;92(1):93-101.

Differentiation-promoting activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells.Kawaii S, Lansky EP. J Med Food 2004 Spring;7(1):13-8.

Rapid dereplication of estrogenic compounds in pomegranate (Punica granatum) using on-line biochemical detection coupled to mass spectrometry. van Elswijk DA, Schobel UP, Lansky EP, Irth H, van der Greef J. Phytochemistry 2004 Jan;65(2):233-41.

Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid suppresses chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. H Kohno,R Suzuki, Y Yasui, M Hosokawa, K Miyashita, and T Tanaka. Cancer Sci 2004;95(6):481-6.

Repeated oral administration of high doses of pomegranate ellagitannin punicalagin to rats for 37 days is not toxic. Cerda B, Ceron JJ, Tomas-Barberan FA, Espin JC. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51:3493– 501.

Adjunctive periodontal treatment with Centella asiatica and Punica granatum extracts. A preliminary study. Sastravaha G, Yotnuengnit P,Booncong P, Sangtherapitikul P. J Int Acad Periodontol 2003 Oct;5(4):106-15.

Use of Punica granatum as an antifungal agent against candidosis associated with denture stomatitis. Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio MC, Sampaio FC, Higino JS. Mycoses 2003 Jun;46 (5-6):192-6.

Evaluation of the bioavailability and metabolism in the rat of punicalagin, an antioxidant polyphenol from pomegranate juice.Cerda B, Llorach R, Ceron JJ, Espin JC, Tomas-Barberan FA. Eur J Nutr 2003;42:18– 28.

A novel mechanism for the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in vascular endothelial cells by natural antioxidants. Schubert SY, Neeman I, Resnick N. FASEB J 2002 Dec;16(14):1931-3.

Chemopreventive effects of pomegranate seed oil on skin tumor development in CD1 mice. Hora JJ, Maydew ER, Lansky EP, Dwivedi C. J Med Food 2003 Fall;6(3):157-61.

Preliminary studies on the anti-angiogenic potential of pomegranate fractions in vitro and in vivo. Toi M, Bando H, Ramachandran C, Melnick SJ, Imai A, Fife RS, Carr RE, Oikawa T, Lansky EP. Angiogenesis 2003;6(2):121-8.

Pharmacokinetic study of ellagic acid in rat after oral administration of pomegranate leaf extract. Lei F, Xing D-M, Xiang L, Zhao Y-N, et al. J Chromatogr B 2003;796:189– 94.

Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans. Aviram M, Dornfeld L,Kaplan M,Coleman R, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hofman A, Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Presser D, Attias J, Hayek T, Fuhrman B. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2002;28 (2-3):49-62.

Studies on antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract using in vivo models. Chidambara Murthy KN, Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Aug;50(17):4791-5.

Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer. Kim ND, Mehta R, Yu W, Neeman I, Livney T, Amichay A, Poirier D, Nicholls P, Kirby A, Jiang W, Mansel R, Ramachandran C, Rabi T, Kaplan B, Lansky E. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002 Feb;71(3):203-17.

Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure.Aviram M, Dornfeld L. Atherosclerosis 2001 Sep;158(1):195-8.

Pomegranate juice supplementation to atherosclerotic mice reduces macrophage lipid peroxidation, cellular cholesterol accumulation and development of atherosclerosis. Kaplan M, Hayek T, Raz A, Coleman R, Dornfeld L, Vaya J, Aviram M. J Nutr 2001 Aug;131(8):2082-9.

Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure.Aviram M, Dornfield L.. Atheroclerosis 2001;158:195– 8.

Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. Gil MI, Tomas- Barberan FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA. J Agric Food Chem 2000 Oct;48(10):4581-9.

Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Kaplan M, Coleman R, Hayek T, Presser D, Fuhrman B. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 May;71(5):1062-76.

Antioxidant andeicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. Schubert, S. Y.; Lansky, E. P.; Neeman, I. J. Ethnopharmacol 1999;66,11-17.

Changes in pomegranate juice pigmentation during ripening. Gil MI, Garcia-Viguera C, Arte´s F, Toma´s-Barbera´n F. J. Sci Food Agric 1995;68:77-81.

High molecular weight plant polyphenolics (tannins) as biological antioxidants. Hagerman AE, Riedl KM, Jones GA, Sovik KN, Ritchard NT, Hartfield PW, Riechel TL. J Agric Food Chem 1998;46:1887-1892.

Chemical composition of juice and seeds of pomegranate fruit. El-Nemr SE, Ismail IA, Ragab M. Nahrung 1990;7:601-606.

Anthocyanins of pomegranate, Punica granatum. Du CT, Wang PL, Francis FJ. J Food Sci 1975;40:417-418.